In this paper, a new scheme for serial communication is proposed. In this method, in addition to the pulse states (high and low), either of negative slope or positive slope of the pulse (saw-tooth waveform) is employed as a representative for another digit. Using pulse slope as a representative for a separate digit will result in sending two-bit-digits using a single pulse, which doubles the transfer rate. The proposed scheme can be used in both synchronized and asynchronized communications and can improve communication speed. Through simulating the proposed scheme, it turned out that this method, because of its proper immunity to noise, can be used as a peripheral interface alongside in-chip communication. The main idea in the raised discussion is to obtain four different geometric pulse shapes acting as four different numbers in the quaternary numeric system, in which it can be serialized/desrialized as easy as pulse states. This proposed method and the suggested system for serialization and deserialization of data can be an adequate alternative in high-speed communication approaches.

AbstractIntroduction: Investigating the spatial variability of runoff and its influencing factors to provide solutions to reduce it is very important. In recent years, many theoretical and field studies have evaluated the spatial production of runoff as heterogeneous.Methods: In this study, to investigate the affecting factors in runoff production of the slope main aspects (northern, southern, eastern, and western) of the Gachsaran and Aghajari formations were selected a part of the Gach Kuhe and Margha watershed in Izeh city. For this purpose, a rain simulator was used in both formations at 16 points with 3 replications at rainfall intensities in 1 and 1.25 mm/min. Also, soil factors of Gachsaran and Aghajari formations such as percentages of gravel, sand, silt and clay, pH, soil salinity, moisture, calcium carbonate, organic matter, and sodium content were investigated. SPSS 17 and EXCEL 2007 software were used for statistical analysis.Findings and Conclusion: The most important factors affecting runoff production were identified using multivariate regression. The results showed that runoff production in Aghajari Formation is more dependent on soil chemical properties, but runoff production in Gachsaran Formation is more dependent on soil physical properties.

Gum tragacanth is a natural dried secretion produced by some species of Astragalus which is considered as a high quality hydrocolloid used extensively in food industry, pharmacology, medicine, and textile industry. Gum tragacanth producing species of Astragalus are mainly spiny and xerophyte that are spread in mountainous and destroyed rangelands. Density and yield of these species in different slope aspects vary due to significant changes of rainfall and humidity, grazing intensity, erosion and soil structure. In order to investigate these variations in gum tragacanth of Astragalus hypsogeton in Mount Bahar exploitation program in North Khorasan, the gum tragacanth yields were sampled in four cardinal directions of slopes. Analysis of variance of the data and comparisons of the means based on Duncan Multiple Range test, showed that gum tragacanth yield in southern aspects was more than that of other aspects because of increasing density and vegetative cover of Astragalus due to moisture shortage of soil in this aspect in comparison with the other aspects, in particular Northern aspect, and as a consequence elimination of main and key species of the rangeland and substitution of the invasive Astragalus.

Two dimensional slope profile morphometric investigation in a part of the land failure prone Garhwal region of the Lesser Himalaya, Tehri district, U. P., India, indicates that the landslip morphology is closely related to the dominant movement processes active in this terrain. Technique developed for the morphometric analysis of landslips involves the use of five morphometric indices. Each index has been formulated to give an indication of the processes responsible for producing variation on landslip form. The measurements indicated the degree of dilation, flowage, displacement and tenuity. The depth/length ratio is used as a numerical parameter to classify landslips into process groups. Multivariate discriminant function criteria have been worked out to differentiate between various slope movement processes. The result indicated that among all two dimensional slope profile morphometric indices, Classification, Dilation and Tenuity indices contribute significantly in discriminating various slope movement processes. Based on these indices, bivariate and univariate plots have been prepared as discriminant tools to predict various types of slope movements.

Land-use change from forest to arable lands may have a major significance on soil processes, properties, and functioning. This research investigated the influence of long-term land-use change from untouched forests to arable lands under northern and southern slope aspects on soil physical and chemical properties. Six regions of the Zagros area in the west of Iran, where the increasing trend of forest to agricultural land conversion has occurred during the last decades, were selected for this study. Composite soil samples were collected from the 0-20 cm depth in both the northern and southern slopes of native forests and their related cultivated areas. The highest dispersible clay and soil bulk density and the lowest aggregate stability were observed in cultivated areas. Soil organic carbon and total N declined in response to the land-use change from forest to cultivated areas in all study areas. The highest amounts of soil organic carbon, total N, C/N ratio, and available P were observed in northern slopes compared with southern slopes in some studied regions. In general, the conversion of natural forests to agricultural cropping systems resulted in soil quality declining. However, the deterioration intensity in the northern and southern slope aspects was similar approximately.

Slope stability analysis is a branch of engineering science where there are great uncertainties. Although these uncertainties have strong effects on predicting process, however in common stability, analysis methods their direct effects are not considered. Probabilistic slope stability analysis method is a suitable tool for considering uncertainties in design process. First order Taylor series approximation method is the most common probabilistic slope stability method that is almost verified in all practical cases. In research program Proba_Slope software was written. This software has the ability to do deterministic slope stability analysis utilizing Bishop's method and probabilistic slope stability analysis based on above approximation method. The results gained from Proba_Slope were then verified using commercial software.